Leon Y. Xiao

2024

Illegal video game loot boxes with transferable content on Steam: a longitudinal study on their presence and non-compliance with and non-enforcement of gambling law

Xiao, L. Y., 25 Aug 2024, In: International Gambling Studies.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

Is loot box presence in video games being correctly and consistently labelled? Comparing all age rating decisions made by the German USK, the American ESRB, and the European PEGI in 2023

Xiao, L. Y., 2024, Proceedings of 2024 IEEE Gaming, Entertainment, and Media Conference (GEM). IEEE, 6 p.

Research output: Conference Article in Proceeding or Book/Report chapter › Article in proceedings › Research › peer-review

Open Access

LOOT BOX STATE OF PLAY 2023: LAW, REGULATION, POLICY, AND ENFORCEMENT AROUND THE WORLD

Xiao, L. Y., 2024, In: Gaming Law Review.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

2023

Beneath the label: Assessing video games’ compliance with ESRB and PEGI loot box warning label industry self-regulation

Xiao, L. Y., 21 Jun 2023, Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA) International Conference 2023: Limits and Margins of Games. Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA), p. 1–4 4 p.

Research output: Conference Article in Proceeding or Book/Report chapter › Conference abstract in proceedings › Research › peer-review

Open Access

Beneath the label: unsatisfactory compliance with ESRB, PEGI, and IARC industry self-regulation requiring loot box presence warning labels by video game companies

Xiao, L. Y., 29 Mar 2023, In: Royal Society Open Science. 10, 3, 230270.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

Breaking Ban: Belgium’s Ineffective Gambling Law Regulation of Video Game Loot Boxes

Xiao, L. Y., 17 Jan 2023, In: Collabra: Psychology. 9, 1, 57641.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

Debate: Academics should collaborate with the technology industry, but not in lieu of non-collaborative research

Xiao, L. Y., 2 Mar 2023, In: Child and Adolescent Mental Health.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Comment/debate › Research › peer-review

Open Access

Learnings From The Case of Maple Refugees: A Story of Loot Boxes, Probability Disclosures, and Gamer Consumer Activism

Park, S., Denoo, M., Grosemans, E., Petrovskaya, E., Jin, Y. & Xiao, L. Y., Oct 2023, Proceedings of the 26th International Academic Mindtrek Conference (Mindtrek '23). Association for Computing Machinery, p. 267 278 p.

Research output: Conference Article in Proceeding or Book/Report chapter › Article in proceedings › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

Loot boxes, gambling-related risk factors, and mental health in Mainland China: A large-scale survey

Xiao, L. Y., Fraser, T. C., Nielsen, R. K. L. & Newall, P. W. S., 25 Nov 2023, Proceedings of the 10th Annual Chinese Digital Games Research Association (CDiGRA) Conference 2023 (Chinese DiGRA 2023).

Research output: Conference Article in Proceeding or Book/Report chapter › Conference abstract in proceedings › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

Loot boxes, gambling-related risk factors, and mental health in Mainland China: A large-scale survey

Xiao, L. Y., Fraser, T. C., Nielsen, R. K. L. & Newall, P. W. S., 2023, In: Addictive Behaviors. 148, 107860.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

No evidence that Chinese playtime mandates reduced heavy gaming in one segment of the video games industry

Zendle, D., Flick, C., Gordon-Petrovskaya, E., Ballou, N., Xiao, L. Y. & Drachen, A., 2023, In: Nature Human Behavior.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

Opening the compliance and enforcement loot box: A retrospective on some practice and policy impacts achieved through academic research

Xiao, L. Y., 17 Nov 2023, In: Societal Impact. 1, 1–2, 100018.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

PAID VIDEO GAME LOOT BOXES ARE NOT GAMBLING UNDER DUTCH GAMBLING REGULATION? SHIFTING THE GOALPOST IN ELECTRONIC ARTS V. KANSSPELAUTORITEIT

Xiao, L. Y. & Declerck, P., 17 Oct 2023, In: Gaming Law Review. 27, 9, p. 445-459

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

Shopping around for loot box presence warning labels: Unsatisfactory compliance on Epic, Nintendo, Sony, and Microsoft platforms

Xiao, L. Y., 19 Dec 2023, In: Games: Research and Practice. 1, 4, p. 25:1–25:25 25 p., 25.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

To screen, or not to screen: An experimental comparison of two methods for correlating video game loot box expenditure and problem gambling severity

Xiao, L. Y., Newall, P. & James, R. J. E., Nov 2023, In: Computers in Human Behavior. 151, 108019.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

What are the odds? Poor compliance with UK loot box probability disclosure industry self-regulation

Xiao, L. Y., Henderson, L. L. & Newall, P. W. S., 28 Sept 2023, In: PLOS ONE. 18, 9, 21 p., e0286681.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

What did players think about Belgium’s ‘ban’ on loot boxes?

Xiao, L. Y. & Denoo, M., 21 Jun 2023, Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA) International Conference 2023: Limits and Margins of Games. Sevilla, España: Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA), p. 1–4 4 p.

Research output: Conference Article in Proceeding or Book/Report chapter › Conference abstract in proceedings › Research › peer-review

Open Access

What’s a Mini-Game? The Anatomy of Fishing Mini-Games

Xiao, L. Y., 21 Jun 2023, Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA) International Conference 2023: Limits and Margins of Games. Sevilla, España: Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA), p. 1–12 12 p.

Research output: Conference Article in Proceeding or Book/Report chapter › Article in proceedings › Research › peer-review

Open Access

‘No evidence of harm’ implies no evidence of safety: Framing the lack of causal evidence in gambling advertising research

Newall, P. W. S. & 61 other authors, 12 Nov 2023, In: Addiction.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Letter › peer-review

Open Access

2022

Blind Boxes: Opening Our Eyes to the Challenging Regulation of Gambling-Like Products and Gamblification and Unexplained Regulatory Inaction

Xiao, L. Y., 14 Jun 2022, In: Gaming Law Review. 26, 5, p. 255–268

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

Drafting Video Game Loot Box Regulation for Dummies: A Chinese Lesson

Xiao, L. Y., 16 Jun 2022, In: Information and Communications Technology Law. 31, 3

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

Loot Boxes

Xiao, L. Y., 21 Apr 2022, Copenhagen: ERC-Advanced-Grant project MSG - Making Sense of Games (2016 - 2022, PI Espen Aarseth).

Research output: Working paper › Research

Open Access

File

Loot boxes are more prevalent in UK video games than previously considered: Updating Zendle et al. (2020)

Xiao, L. Y., Henderson, L. L. & Newall, P. W. S., 7 Feb 2022, In: Addiction.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Letter › peer-review

Open Access

File

Loot boxes are NOT gambling under Dutch law

Xiao, L. Y., Apr 2022, In: Computers & Law. 145, p. 24-25

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Contribution to newspaper - Comment/debate

Open Access

Opening Pandora’s Loot Box: Weak Links Between Gambling and Loot Box Expenditure in China, and Player Opinions on Probability Disclosures and Pity-Timers

Xiao, L. Y., Fraser, T. C. & Newall, P. W. S., 7 Aug 2022, In: Journal of Gambling Studies.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

Opening Pandora’s loot box: Weak links with gambling and player opinions on probability disclosures in China

Xiao, L. Y., Fraser, T. C. & Newall, P. W. S., Jul 2022, Proceedings of the Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA) International Conference 2022: Bringing Worlds Together. Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA)

Research output: Conference Article in Proceeding or Book/Report chapter › Conference abstract in proceedings › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

Probability disclosures are not enough: Reducing loot box reward complexity as a part of ethical video game design

Xiao, L. Y. & Newall, P. W. S., 2022, In: Journal of Gambling Issues.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

Regulating Gambling-Like Video Game Loot Boxes: a Public Health Framework Comparing Industry Self-Regulation, Existing National Legal Approaches, and Other Potential Approaches

Xiao, L. Y., 26 Jul 2022, In: Current Addiction Reports.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

Reserve your judgment on “Draconian” Chinese video gaming restrictions on children • Commentary on: Draconian policy measures are unlikely to prevent disordered gaming (Colder Carras et al., 2021)

Xiao, L. Y., 27 May 2022, In: Journal of Behavioral Addictions.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Comment/debate › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

Safer Gambling and Consumer Protection Failings Among 40 Frequently Visited Cryptocurrency-Based Online Gambling Operators

Andrade, M., Sharman, S., Xiao, L. Y. & Newall, P. W. S., 10 Nov 2022, In: Psychology of Addictive Behaviors.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

Towards Reproducibility in Game Analysis: Some Reflections on the Study Design and Methodology of Loot Box Prevalence Studies

Xiao, L. Y., 21 Apr 2022, Conference Proceedings: Game Analysis Perspective Conference. Copenhagen: IT University of Copenhagen, p. 34-39 6 p.

Research output: Conference Article in Proceeding or Book/Report chapter › Conference abstract in proceedings › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

What are the Odds? Lower Compliance with Western Loot Box Probability Disclosure Industry Self-Regulation than Chinese Legal Regulation

Xiao, L. Y., Henderson, L. L. & Newall, P. W. S., 13 Apr 2022.

Research output: Contribution to conference - NOT published in proceeding or journal › Paper › Research › peer-review

Open Access

What are the odds? Lower compliance with Western loot box probability disclosure industry self- regulation than Chinese legal regulation

Xiao, L. Y., Henderson, L. L. & Newall, P. W. S., Jul 2022, Proceedings of the Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA) International Conference 2022: Bringing Worlds Together. Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA)

Research output: Conference Article in Proceeding or Book/Report chapter › Conference abstract in proceedings › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

What next for video game regulation in 2022?

Xiao, L. Y., 4 Feb 2022, In: Computers & Law. 144, p. 39–40 2 p.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Contribution to newspaper - Newspaper article

Open Access

Which Implementations of Loot Boxes Constitute Gambling? A UK Legal Perspective on the Potential Harms of Random Reward Mechanisms

Xiao, L. Y., Feb 2022, In: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 20, p. 437–454

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

2021

Conceptualising the Loot Box Transaction as a Gamble Between the Purchasing Player and the Video Game Company

Xiao, L. Y., 1 Dec 2021, In: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 19, p. 2355–2357

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Comment/debate › Communication

Open Access

ESRB’s and PEGI’s Self-Regulatory ‘Includes Random Items’ Labels Fail to Ensure Consumer Protection

Xiao, L. Y., 1 Dec 2021, In: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 19, p. 2358–2361

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Comment/debate › Communication

Open Access

Gambling Marketing Bans In Professional Sports Neglect the Risks Posed by Financial Trading Apps and Cryptocurrencies

Newall, P. W. S. & Xiao, L. Y., 9 Nov 2021, In: Gaming Law Review. 25, 9, p. 376-378

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Comment/debate › Communication

Open Access

Gaming the system: suboptimal compliance with loot box probability disclosure regulations in China

Xiao, L. Y., Henderson, L. L., Yang, Y. & Newall, P. W. S., 23 Jul 2021, In: Behavioural Public Policy. p. 1–27

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

Loot Boxes, Gambling-Like Mechanics in Video Games

Xiao, L. Y., Henderson, L. L., Nielsen, R. K. L., Grabarczyk, P., Newall, P. W. S. & Lee, N. (Editor), 2021, Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games. Springer

Research output: Conference Article in Proceeding or Book/Report chapter › Encyclopedia chapter › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

People’s Republic of China Legal Update: The Notice on Further Strictly Regulating and Effectively Preventing Online Video Gaming Addiction in Minors (Published August 30, 2021, Effective September 1, 2021)

Xiao, L. Y., 9 Nov 2021, In: Gaming Law Review. 25, 9, p. 379-382

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Comment/debate › Communication

Open Access

Regulating gambling-like mechanics in video games (‘loot boxes’) with probability disclosure obligations

Xiao, L. Y., Nov 2021, In: Socio-Legal Newsletter. p. 10–10 1 p.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Contribution to newspaper - Newspaper article

Open Access

Regulating Loot Boxes as Gambling? Towards a Combined Legal and Self-Regulatory Consumer Protection Approach

Xiao, L. Y., 1 Aug 2021, In: Interactive Entertainment Law Review. 4, 1, p. 27–47

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

Towards an Ethical Game Design Solution to Loot Boxes: a Commentary on King and Delfabbro

Xiao, L. Y. & Henderson, L. L., 1 Feb 2021, In: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. 19, p. 177–192

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review

Open Access

打开潘多拉的魔盒：开宝箱机制 (loot boxes) 与赌博仅有薄弱的相关性及中国玩家对概率公示的态度

Translated title of the contribution: Opening Pandora’s loot box: Weak links with gambling and player opinions on probability disclosures in ChinaXiao, L. Y., 4 Dec 2021.

Research output: Contribution to conference - NOT published in proceeding or journal › Conference abstract for conference › Research › peer-review

Open Access

File

2020

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA LEGAL UPDATE: THE NOTICE ON THE PREVENTION OF ONLINE GAMING ADDICTION IN JUVENILES (PUBLISHED OCTOBER 25, 2019, EFFECTIVE NOVEMBER 1, 2019)

Xiao, L. Y., 24 Jan 2020, In: Gaming Law Review. p. 51–53

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Comment/debate › Communication

Open Access

People’s Republic of China Legal Update: Supreme People’s Court’s Guiding Opinion on Refund Requests Relating to Unauthorised Online Video Gaming Transactions Paid for by Minors

Xiao, L. Y., 16 Sept 2020, In: Gaming Law Review. p. 476-479 3 p.

Research output: Journal Article or Conference Article in Journal › Comment/debate › Communication

Open Access

Leon Y. Xiao

Research output

Search results